鈦媒體正式宣布從“科技媒體”戰(zhàn)略升級為“科技知識與數(shù)據(jù)服務(wù)商”，推出全新知識服務(wù)品牌“72問”，72問的主旨是：no why，no way;極致問答，淘盡真知。立足讓用戶以碎片化時間，即可系統(tǒng)化學(xué)習(xí)能比肩國際一流大學(xué)能學(xué)到的知識。

鈦媒體創(chuàng)始人趙何娟對此的解釋是，學(xué)習(xí)，本質(zhì)是一個學(xué)會提問并不斷提問的過程，答案是結(jié)果，好的問題才會有好的結(jié)果，no why則no way，而大多問題也沒有標準答案，最終影響的其實是人的認知，所以學(xué)習(xí)的更高境界不是學(xué)習(xí)知識，而是提升認知。

上線之初推出了兩檔欄目，其中一檔為年度問答專欄形式，邀請國際大咖答主“原聲音頻+圖文”，隨聽隨看。通過循循發(fā)問，將受邀答主的碎片化思考與經(jīng)驗系統(tǒng)化轉(zhuǎn)化成知識專欄，真正做到碎片化時間，系統(tǒng)化學(xué)習(xí)。

第一批上線的專欄之一《硅谷的秘密》，答主皮埃羅先生是科技巨著《硅谷百年史》的作者，上世紀80年代就到硅谷創(chuàng)業(yè)，經(jīng)歷和見證了硅谷的奇跡，他是最能解密一代代硅谷大佬成長興衰密碼的代表。趙何娟也在昨天宣布她的“二次創(chuàng)業(yè)”開始了，今天也可以順便聽聽她對皮埃羅的推薦和問答，首次獻聲，多多指教咯……

今天給大家推薦第一期的試聽的正文文字部分，還可同時學(xué)英文呢：

感謝大家訂閱皮埃羅·斯加魯菲(Piero Scaruffi)的鈦媒體·72問知識專欄《硅谷的秘密》。我是今天的提問者趙何娟。皮埃羅先生的整個專欄都會由他的英文原聲呈現(xiàn)，相信能讓大家有所收獲。

19世紀末，利蘭·斯坦福夫婦來到了硅谷，那時的硅谷還只遍布著果園和農(nóng)田。誰也沒有想到，在之后的一百年，這塊常年充滿陽光，氣候宜人的小地方，變成了整個世界最具創(chuàng)新力創(chuàng)造力的“地球中心”。這片彈丸之地，誕生了50多位諾貝爾獎獲得者，更誕生了無數(shù)百萬富翁，是世界級億萬富翁最密集的地方。

你不得不稱嘆這種神奇，人類歷史的奇跡，就在于那些超越人類現(xiàn)實的理想主義，和那些改變個人命運的現(xiàn)實主義在這里得到了最完美地結(jié)合，改變世界的理想，富可敵國的財富，為什么如此和諧地發(fā)生在了硅谷?

從1900年開始，由硅谷帶動的美國整個西海岸都蕩漾著各種“造富”神話，也遍布了 人類重大技術(shù)進展的顛覆神話，從無線電，晶體管，集成電路，到互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、云計算、生物基因??似乎，一代一代深刻影響現(xiàn)代人類命運的技術(shù)都在這里誕生;從特曼、休利特和帕卡德，到喬布斯、扎克伯格，這些過去一百年世界科技商業(yè)歷史里產(chǎn)生過重大影響的人，成了全世界人民的偶像。

中國這片一直以有著數(shù)千年歷史為榮的大地，處處都在締造著要“建設(shè)第二個硅谷”的雄心，不僅中國，在日本我聽到了日本朋友說，我們要做日本的硅谷，在英國我聽到朋友說，我們要做英國的硅谷，甚至歐洲的硅谷，在南非，還聽到朋友說我們要做非洲的硅谷??

然而，當我問皮埃羅，哪里最有可能誕生第二個硅谷。皮埃羅說，連美國都回答不了這個問題，西雅圖、紐約、波士頓??都沒有答案。

他（皮埃羅）是這么說的：

So the first thing that I’ll tell people is how many Silicon Valleys we find today in the united states. One. So even the United States has not been able to replicate Silicon Valley there are places there are similar, like Boston, but no not the same thing. Obviously it is typical of the San Francisco Bay Area, there is something about the San Francisco bay area that was unique. It's so difficult to replicate, even in the United States.

我經(jīng)常會問其他人，我們今天在美國可以找到幾個硅谷?即使是美國也無法復(fù)制硅谷，在美國會有相似的地方，比如說波士頓，但它和硅谷終究不同。舊金山，大灣區(qū)是獨一無二的，所以美國也無法復(fù)制硅谷的存在。

When people in China are in Europe asked me how can we create our Silicon Valley, the answer is very obvious -- it's impossible. Even the united states cannot do it. There must be something very unique about Silicon Valley and then other places can can learn. When I wrote the book I started thinking what is so special and in actually it's really difficult to answer, because if you go back to nineteen fifty, even nineteen sixty, even nineteen seventy, even nineteen eighty, Silicon Valley there’s nothing special about the Bay Area in technology.

每當有中國人，歐洲人問我如何創(chuàng)造硅谷，我都會回答這是不可能的。即使美國也無法在國內(nèi)復(fù)制硅谷，這就說明硅谷一定有其獨特之處，對吧?其他地方能夠?qū)W習(xí)硅谷的經(jīng)驗，但不能復(fù)制硅谷。所以我在寫書的時候就思考，硅谷的獨特之處到底是什么?事實上，這個問題也很難回答。如果你回顧上世紀的50、60、70，甚至是80年代，舊金山的技術(shù)領(lǐng)域在大灣區(qū)中并不是那么特別。

I usually start from nineteen fifty because I found this beautiful picture of what is now Silicon Valley. I found the picture that shows nothing, ok, empty fields that's nineteen fifty. Now nineteen fifty in in New York there was a street skyscrapers lots of money very powerful people. In Boston there was most at one point Boston had ninety percent of the software engineers in the world and the big electronic companies were on the is coast mostly around New York and New Jersey or in Europe, you know. Some very big electronic companies were based in Germany, Holland, even eagerly of course, Britain and money London. Ok. And then I have this picture in nineteen fifty Silicon Valley, nothing, you know. You see kilometers and kilometers of nothing. So it even bigger mystery because you know all the money was on the east coast or in Europe and the big electronic companies in East Coast, or Europe. You look at Nobel Prize winners in science, East Coast and Europe. California had 2 winners until nineteen fifty to fifty four.

我通常從50年代開始。那個時候的紐約高樓林立，成功人士隨處可見;50年代的波士頓，全世界90%的軟件工程師都在波士頓，大的電子設(shè)備公司都在紐約、新澤西的周邊。在歐洲，大的電子公司都是在德國、荷蘭、意大利、英國，倫敦。我這張圖是50年代的硅谷，你看什么都沒有。當時的資金都在歐洲，較大的電子公司都在歐洲和美國東海岸。就算你看當時的諾貝爾獎獲得者，基本都在歐洲和美國東海岸。當時加州只有兩個諾獎獲得者，所以這不能說明50年代的硅谷會有什么事情發(fā)生，你也無法知道硅谷將成為世界的中心。

There's nothing there that tells you oh this is where things are going to happen this is going to be the center of the world now nobody predicted that because if you look at if you live in nineteen fifty in New York or in London or in Beijing and you look at the bay area there's not a very little technology, this very little money, nothing special, you know. It's a very tiny share of the world's technology at the time and if you look at where things were invented, transistor, new jersey near New York, the computer was originally invented in the Cambridge in England, and then by and then commercialized by IBM in New York. It's really hard to explain what was so special about the bay area. So I studied the society. My theory is that you cannot just study technology and ignore the rest of society. Technology is one of the things in society, if you look at only technology, if you only study the history of technology, you will never explain what was special about the bay area, because there was very little, compared with other places in the world. So I started studying the society.

無人能預(yù)知。如果你生活在1950年的紐約、倫敦或者是北京，再看看灣區(qū)，那里幾乎沒有技術(shù)，也沒有資金，毫無特別之處，也沒有當時的先進技術(shù)。如果你看看其他地方的發(fā)明，半導(dǎo)體出現(xiàn)在新澤西、紐約;電腦在英國劍橋誕生，由紐約的IBM商業(yè)化。所以我很難去解釋大灣區(qū)的獨到之處。我想應(yīng)該是社會的問題。我的觀點是，你不能只研究技術(shù)，不研究社會。技術(shù)只是社會的一部分。如果你只研究技術(shù)，你很難發(fā)現(xiàn)大灣區(qū)的特別之處，因為當時有很多占技術(shù)優(yōu)勢的地方。所以我開始研究硅谷獨特的社會形態(tài)。

導(dǎo)讀：

正如皮埃羅所說，美國也無法復(fù)制硅谷。他從50年代的美國開始講起，那時候硅谷一片荒涼，大部分技術(shù)公司都在波士頓，全世界90%的軟件工程師都在波士頓，大的電子公司則都在紐約-新澤西，可見美國東部在上世紀50年代可以說是技術(shù)公司的沃土，那為什么后來卻只有硅谷做成了硅谷呢?

皮埃羅接下來的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些很有趣的問題：

I realized what Silicon Valley does is really weird. For example, Silicon Valley does not really invent, very little was invented in Silicon Valley. When you think of the the major technologies that we have today, like computer, smartphone, the internet ,world wide web, social media, search engines, artificial intelligence, robots and so on and so on, and so many people think oh these came from silicon valley. It's not true. Almost all of them were invented somewhere else. Almost all of these things were invented somewhere else. So the mystery was really fascinating. I live there right, I live there for so long but even I was wondering why this is so strange, so unlikely. And that convinced me that you really have to look at the society, what does the society do in the bay area? Before I tell you the answer the more factors that tell you how important society is, when you think what a Silicon Valley really created, is not a technology, is the way you use the technology, like the start up. Start up you have a garage, right?

舊金山的社會因素有一個奇怪的地方。比如說，硅谷并不做發(fā)明，有很多技術(shù)都不是在硅谷誕生的。你可以想一下我們今天日常使用技術(shù)，電腦、因特網(wǎng)、社交媒體、搜索引擎、人工智能、機器人以及很多很多的技術(shù)。很多人以為這些技術(shù)是在硅谷誕生的，其實不然，這些技術(shù)都是再其他地方誕生的。所以，硅谷的秘密真的很吸引人。你會想問為什么。

我在硅谷住了這么多年，我也很好奇，為什么會這么奇怪?所以你必須去觀察硅谷的社會，大灣區(qū)的社會到底是什么樣的?關(guān)注大灣區(qū)社會的不同之處，而不是技術(shù)的不同。在我把答案告訴你之前，其他因素會讓你明白社會對大灣區(qū)有多么重要。硅谷具有創(chuàng)造性的地方不是技術(shù)，而是他們改變了你使用技術(shù)的方式。再說硅谷的創(chuàng)業(yè)公司，車庫。在車庫創(chuàng)業(yè)就是一個不同之處，與IBM、AT&T，以及其他歐洲大公司都不同。硅谷偏愛車庫。

Silicon Valley history of garages that's what is different, right? That's what is different with the IBM and AT&T and the big European companies. Silicon Valley likes the garage. And even this period of going to work in Silicon Valley is a different experience. You go in blue jeans or shorts and T-shirt and you call your boss Jim or John, everything is so casual. So that's what is really different, that's what really Silicon Valley invented. It's a new way to go to work， to think about work to think about the career you know so it must be in the society there must be something in their society that is very different, and so that's why I started to study the society. Go back to nineteen fifty ，instead of focusing on the area that today is Silicon Valley， focus a little bit north ，San Francisco.

如果你在硅谷工作，體驗也是完全不同的。你會穿著牛仔褲、T恤工作，直呼老板的名字，一切都非常隨意。這就是硅谷的發(fā)明的工作方式，一種新的工作方式，讓你重新思考工作的定義，讓你重新思考科技的概念。所以這就是社會因素，硅谷的社會與眾不同。這就是為什么我開始研究社會，大灣區(qū)的社會非常不同。你再回看50年代的大灣區(qū)，特別注意北邊一點的舊金山。

San Francisco was famous was already famous. Famous for crazy people. It was famous because crazy poets and crazy artist and I call them crazy but it's not nice, it's different. Now they were different. They were not the greatest poets they were not the greatest artist but they were different. San Francisco was a place they welcomed different ideas and some of them came with technology. For example, if one of the very first film schools in the world was in a San Francisco, this was a place where if you were doing something different. You are welcome and on the East Coast in Europe to do something different it's a little harder, you know, people don't really accept you. You are supposed to go to work, dressed well with the suit and tie, respectful of your boss and so there's a lot of rules how you have to behave in your life. In San Francisco, it was almost the opposite. No rules, okay, it was the place for the so called beat poets and then for the hippies. The gay movement was born in sufferance at a time when gays were discriminated everywhere. Of course today everybody knows Burning Man, so that's what was really special about san Francisco. Now that it was an area that accepted different people, an area that accepted different ideas, so that was already famous. If you live in the nineteen fifties, or sixties, or even seventies in New York and somebody asked you about San Francisco, you will know it is special.

早在50年代，舊金山已經(jīng)十分有名，因瘋狂的人而聞名。瘋狂的詩人，瘋狂的藝術(shù)家，我說他們瘋狂，但其實這種叫法不好，他們只是與眾不同而已，他們是獨特的詩人，獨特的藝術(shù)家，他們都和普通人不一樣。但是舊金山就是這么一個歡迎不同的人的地方。這些人為舊金山帶來了技術(shù)。舊金山歡迎那些特立獨行的人。而在其他地方或者歐洲，如果你做的事情有所不同，生活就會很艱難，因為其他人不會接受你。你要去上班，穿著整齊，打好領(lǐng)帶，尊重老板。你在其他地方生活中，需要墨守成規(guī)，而舊金山的情況卻截然不同。所以，舊金山聚集了很多詩人、嬉皮士。在同性戀飽受歧視的年代，舊金山出現(xiàn)了為同性戀爭取權(quán)利的活動。大家都知道火人節(jié)(Burning Man Festival)。舊金山的獨特之處是包容性，它能夠包容不同的人、不同的想法。如果你是生活在50年代的人，你問下當時在紐約居住的人，他們都知道舊金山，你就會知道他有如何特別。

But not because of the technology, it is special because it’s a strange society and then technology came out. People especially in china asked me if government has a role in silicon valley and in general we answer “no no no”. We don't like the government, we do our thing it's not completely true during WWII and during the cold war the united states invested in California in the military technology, that's how technology really came to the bay area. It was military technology originally so indirectly the government had a role, because all these military technology trained a lot of engineers a lot of the young people who were growing up in the bay area were exposed to electronics. So it had a role, and of course later the internet was invented by the government. So they were very important programs, there were government programs in silicon valley, NASA in the project, to send a man to the moon. Now we forget about in the sixties there was probably the biggest project in the US. The day were the first users of silicon of integrated circuits and one company was making the greatest circuits was Fairchild, which was now the first major semi conduct semiconductor company in a Silicon Valley. NASA still has a center at Mountain View. So he became the main customer of this small start up in silicon valley so indirectly the government had a role, because of the military technology, because of the space technology and some other research that was funded by the government. But the government did not plan silicon valley, the government had no idea that something crazy was happening there until much later, you know.

舊金山很特別。它不以技術(shù)聞名，而是以一個奇怪的社會聞名。之后才到技術(shù)。很多中國人會問，政府在硅谷發(fā)展中所扮演什么樣的角色。如果回答說不，沒有政府的參與，這是不對的。美國政府在二戰(zhàn)期間，在加州投資軍用技術(shù)，這就是大灣區(qū)最初的技術(shù)。最初的就是軍用技術(shù)。所以，可以說政府在初期是有發(fā)揮作用的。因為政府投建軍用技術(shù)，所以他們訓(xùn)練了很多工程師。許多在大灣區(qū)長大的年輕人能夠接觸到很多與電子相關(guān)的東西。當然啦，后來的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)也是美國政府所發(fā)明的。這都是很重要的政府項目，給了硅谷一個契機。比如說NASA和登月計劃。大家可能不記得把人類送上月球的計劃，但在60年代，登月計劃是全美最大的技術(shù)項目。我們是最先使用硅的人，我們開始使用集成電路。飛兆半導(dǎo)體公司最早研發(fā)出半導(dǎo)體，NASA的研究中心仍然設(shè)立在加州。NASA就成為了加州這些初創(chuàng)企業(yè)的客戶。所以，政府是有間接發(fā)揮影響力的，美國政府的軍用技術(shù)、航天科技和其他一些政府研究都在大灣區(qū)。但是政府并沒有計劃設(shè)立一個硅谷，他們也是后來才意識到硅谷發(fā)生的事情很瘋狂。

導(dǎo)讀：今天皮埃羅的講課內(nèi)容給了我很多啟發(fā)，尤其是在政府如何參與硅谷建設(shè)的部分。大家都覺得硅谷是不是根本沒有政府參與。硅谷早期不僅有政府參與，而且在二戰(zhàn)期間，美國政府的軍用技術(shù)投入發(fā)揮了巨大作用。下一講，皮埃羅還要和我們專門講到“硅谷”為什么叫“硅谷”，又為什么是由一名記者“發(fā)明”的，這個名稱還有很多不為人知的故事。